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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chernklassen</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>In der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a>, genauer in der <a href="Algebraische_Topologie" title="Algebraische Topologie">algebraischen Topologie</a> und in der <a href="Differentialgeometrie" title="Differentialgeometrie">Differentialgeometrie</a> und <a href="Differentialtopologie" title="Differentialtopologie">-topologie</a>, sind <b>Chernklassen</b> ein spezieller Typ von <a href="Charakteristische_Klasse" title="Charakteristische Klasse">charakteristischen Klassen</a>, die komplexen <a href="Vektorb%C3%BCndel" title="Vektorbündel">Vektorbündeln</a> zugeordnet werden.
</p><p>Chernklassen sind nach <a href="Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> benannt, der sie in den 1940er-Jahren erstmals allgemein definierte.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundidee_und_Motivation">Grundidee und Motivation</h2></div>
<p>Chernklassen sind charakteristische Klassen. Sie sind damit <a href="Topologische_Invariante" title="Topologische Invariante">topologische Invarianten</a> von komplexen Vektorbündeln über glatten <a href="Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Mannigfaltigkeit">Mannigfaltigkeiten</a> und zwei isomorphe Vektorbündel haben somit dieselben Chernklassen. Die Chernklassen liefern also eine Möglichkeit zu verifizieren, dass zwei Vektorbündel über einer glatten Mannigfaltigkeiten verschieden sind, jedoch kann mit ihrer Hilfe nicht entschieden werden, dass zwei Vektorbündel isomorph sind (da nicht-isomorphe Vektorbündel dieselbe Chernklasse haben können).
</p><p>In der Topologie, der Differentialgeometrie und der <a href="Algebraische_Geometrie" title="Algebraische Geometrie">algebraischen Geometrie</a> ist es oft wichtig, die maximale Anzahl
<a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linear unabhängiger</a> <a href="Schnitt_(Faserb%C3%BCndel)" title="Schnitt (Faserbündel)">Schnitte</a> eines Vektorbündels zu bestimmen. Chernklassen ermöglichen, darüber Information zu erhalten, zum Beispiel mit dem <a href="Riemann-Roch-Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Riemann-Roch-Theorem">Riemann-Roch-Theorem</a> oder dem <a href="Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz" title="Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz">Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz</a>. Das ist einer der Gründe, warum Chernklassen ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel der modernen Mathematik sind.
</p><p>Chernklassen sind darüber hinaus in vielen Fällen der Praxis auch explizit berechenbar. In der Differentialgeometrie (und in Teilen der algebraischen Geometrie) können Chernklassen als Polynome in den Koeffizienten der <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmungsform" class="mw-redirect" title="Krümmungsform">Krümmungsform</a> ausgedrückt werden.
</p><p>Daher werden Chernklassen benutzt, um verschiedenste Probleme der Mathematik anzugehen. Auch in der Physik finden sie Anwendung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Chernklasse_eines_Hermiteschen_Vektorbündels_auf_einer_glatten_Mannigfaltigkeit"><span id="Die_Chernklasse_eines_Hermiteschen_Vektorb.C3.BCndels_auf_einer_glatten_Mannigfaltigkeit"></span>Die Chernklasse eines Hermiteschen Vektorbündels auf einer glatten Mannigfaltigkeit</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Glatte_Mannigfaltigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Glatte Mannigfaltigkeit">glatte Mannigfaltigkeit</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi \colon V\to M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi \colon V\to M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/474af349f2410a6c0d5021995f5eae7a62bacf1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.209ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi \colon V\to M}" loading="lazy"></span> ein hermitesches Vektorbündel mit Rang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3d0e93b78c50237f9ea83d027e4ebbdaef354b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla }" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Zusammenhang_(Differentialgeometrie)" title="Zusammenhang (Differentialgeometrie)">Zusammenhang</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Chernform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(\nabla )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(\nabla )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d46f764961054626db1e5abd0ab8cde14129a74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.841ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(\nabla )}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann durch die Koeffizienten des <a href="Charakteristisches_Polynom" title="Charakteristisches Polynom">charakteristischen Polynoms</a> der <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmungsform" class="mw-redirect" title="Krümmungsform">Krümmungsform</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben, das heißt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det \left({\frac {it\Omega }{2\pi }}+I\right)=\sum _{k}c_{k}(\nabla )t^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det \left({\frac {it\Omega }{2\pi }}+I\right)=\sum _{k}c_{k}(\nabla )t^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1083c57c88e0805d2e166f6c1c37e7bb79170098.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.816ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det \left({\frac {it\Omega }{2\pi }}+I\right)=\sum _{k}c_{k}(\nabla )t^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Determinante_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinante (Mathematik)">Determinante</a> wird über dem Ring der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\times n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\times n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59d2b4cb72e304526cf5b5887147729ea259da78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.63ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\times n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrizen mit Einträgen aus dem <a href="Polynomring" title="Polynomring">Polynomring</a> über der kommutativen Algebra der geraden <a href="Komplexe_Differentialform" title="Komplexe Differentialform">komplexen Differentialformen</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> gebildet. Die Krümmungsform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> ist Lie-Algebra-wertig, und durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega =d\omega +{\frac {1}{2}}[\omega ,\omega ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega =d\omega +{\frac {1}{2}}[\omega ,\omega ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f7c4659b6e7352c32510a81c0d9f8afdeab74e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.496ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega =d\omega +{\frac {1}{2}}[\omega ,\omega ]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definiert, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> die Zusammenhangsform und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Ableitung" title="Äußere Ableitung">äußere Ableitung</a> ist.
</p><p>Die, ebenfalls mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d2f8052630e67b00d04e3487e1d68ed7070470b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.096ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnete, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Chernklasse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)\in H_{dR}^{2k}(M;\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)\in H_{dR}^{2k}(M;\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3c7d4ae5362c6c3598ddff0a43cdf04d4b7133f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.767ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)\in H_{dR}^{2k}(M;\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist definiert als die <a href="De-Rham-Kohomologie" title="De-Rham-Kohomologie">de Rhamsche Kohomologieklassen</a> der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Chernform. Die Chernklasse, also die Kohomologieklasse der Chernform, hängt nicht von der Wahl des <a href="Zusammenhang_(Differentialgeometrie)" title="Zusammenhang (Differentialgeometrie)">Zusammenhangs</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ab. Die Chernklasse ist also eine Invariante des Vektorbündels, während die Chernform vom gewählten Zusammenhang abhängt.
</p><p>Man kann zeigen, dass die Chernklassen im Bild von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{*}(M;\mathbb {Z} )\rightarrow H^{*}(M;\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{*}(M;\mathbb {Z} )\rightarrow H^{*}(M;\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42cdf969fd521c0a5727857d78d56bb0c28aa998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.729ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{*}(M;\mathbb {Z} )\rightarrow H^{*}(M;\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel:_Das_komplexe_Tangentialbündel_der_Riemannschen_Zahlenkugel"><span id="Beispiel:_Das_komplexe_Tangentialb.C3.BCndel_der_Riemannschen_Zahlenkugel"></span>Beispiel: Das komplexe Tangentialbündel der Riemannschen Zahlenkugel</h2></div>
<p>Sei <b>CP</b><sup>1</sup> die <a href="Riemannsche_Zahlenkugel" title="Riemannsche Zahlenkugel">Riemannsche Zahlenkugel</a>, der eindimensionale <a href="Komplexer_projektiver_Raum" title="Komplexer projektiver Raum">komplexe projektive Raum</a>. Sei weiter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Holomorphe_Funktion" title="Holomorphe Funktion">holomorphe</a> <a href="Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Mannigfaltigkeit">lokale Koordinate</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f4d360b9011f0da4bca617634f5331c0b665bfb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.334ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> das komplexe Tangentialbündel, die Vektoren haben an jedem Punkt die Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\,\partial /\partial z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\,\partial /\partial z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d2695622d0d05f1e7dabf0fa49692104ac0ced0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.504ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\,\partial /\partial z}" loading="lazy"></span>, dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexe Zahl</a>. Wir zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> keinen nirgends verschwindenden <a href="Schnitt_(Faserb%C3%BCndel)" title="Schnitt (Faserbündel)">Schnitt</a> hat.
</p><p>Dafür benötigen wir folgende Tatsache: Die erste Chernklasse eines trivialen Bündels ist Null, d. h.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathbf {C} \mathbf {P} }^{1}\times {\mathbf {C} })=0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathbf {C} \mathbf {P} }^{1}\times {\mathbf {C} })=0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b01275f072666e3b246090a197be1d33e0c9ab3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.362ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathbf {C} \mathbf {P} }^{1}\times {\mathbf {C} })=0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Davon kann man sich dadurch überzeugen, dass ein triviales Bündel stets eine flache Metrik hat.
</p><p>Nun zeigen wir
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}(V)\not =0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≠</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}(V)\not =0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5cfa6b2bb7b94f79ec6eee9f4d37c7580b1c25ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.565ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}(V)\not =0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Betrachte dazu eine Mannigfaltigkeit mit der <a href="K%C3%A4hlermannigfaltigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kählermannigfaltigkeit">Kähler-Metrik</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\frac {dzd{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\frac {dzd{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fef6ea583c989e949afc17f55c960c658dd8dd1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.223ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\frac {dzd{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Krümmungsform zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {2dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {2dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c30fd9316f8fe95f42fd1d90aade2615fd992b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.562ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {2dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben. Nach Definition der ersten Chernklasse ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}={\frac {i}{2\pi }}\Omega .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}={\frac {i}{2\pi }}\Omega .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c901c8bf61a9586b916167e19e2dfbb872d64dc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.815ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}={\frac {i}{2\pi }}\Omega .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wir müssen zeigen, dass die Kohomologieklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77b7dc6d279091d354e0b90889b463bfa7eb7247.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> von Null verschieden ist. Dazu berechnen wir das Integral
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int c_{1}={\frac {i}{\pi }}\int {\frac {dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int c_{1}={\frac {i}{\pi }}\int {\frac {dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4911bcd7ee44262bedd38c526d8dae104df7dda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.276ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int c_{1}={\frac {i}{\pi }}\int {\frac {dz\wedge d{\bar {z}}}{(1+|z|^{2})^{2}}}=2}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>durch Koordinatentransformation. Nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Stokes" title="Satz von Stokes">Satz von Stokes</a> hätte das Integral einer <a href="Exakte_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Exakte Form">exakten Form</a> dagegen den Wert 0, also ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/916ea67b1e5ff00367d5054e8ac1e80249f290ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.448ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\mathbf {CP} ^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht trivial.
</p><p>Dieses Beispiel zeigt zugleich, durch den Bezug auf den Satz von Stokes, dass differentialtopologische Anwendungen der Chernschen Klassifizierung (z.&nbsp;B. in der Physik, siehe unten) vor allem „Umlauf-Probleme“ betreffen werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ein komplexes <a href="Vektorb%C3%BCndel" title="Vektorbündel">Vektorbündel</a> über dem <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">topologischen Raum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <i>Chernklassen</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> sind eine Folge von Elementen der <a href="Kohomologie" title="Kohomologie">Kohomologie</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Chernklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, die üblicherweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/361c9460aef10f8a89b8b2da47fade6e65557c8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.692ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet wird, ist ein Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{2k}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{2k}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0585ad15da6f738ebdea69de5efb3dcf60250a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.803ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{2k}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>,
der Kohomologie von <i>X</i> (mit ganzzahligen Koeffizienten). Man definiert auch die <i>totale Chernklasse</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c(V)=c_{0}(V)+c_{1}(V)+c_{2}(V)+\cdots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c(V)=c_{0}(V)+c_{1}(V)+c_{2}(V)+\cdots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38eb012adcfaa6c6efbd75ea06fcf238c8b1c3a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.919ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c(V)=c_{0}(V)+c_{1}(V)+c_{2}(V)+\cdots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{*}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{*}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4f3c2f4799ff900e1a1b7f23b60f226b02b7c5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{*}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Chernklassen genügen den folgenden vier Axiomen:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{0}(V)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{0}(V)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d072c51efefafeff5662e19c3bf9a784f0584b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.919ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{0}(V)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Funktor_(Mathematik)" title="Funktor (Mathematik)">Funktorialität</a>: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon Y\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon Y\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae991d63574be96ce4103c35644dc05124cc43cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon Y\to X}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetige Funktion</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c3bf72c34088196981391ef8d58cdaed800aa79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.162ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}V}" loading="lazy"></span> das mittels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Zur%C3%BCckgezogenes_Vektorb%C3%BCndel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurückgezogenes Vektorbündel">zurückgeholte Bündel</a>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(f^{*}V)=f^{*}c_{k}(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(f^{*}V)=f^{*}c_{k}(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc1a3bf6ec7f388e425a8a05659e8ff4df445d94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(f^{*}V)=f^{*}c_{k}(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li>Additivität: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e53d9b31a8f5224a7a3209f0cfe7b61029bee52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.029ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W\to X}" loading="lazy"></span> ein weiteres komplexes Bündel, so ist die Chernklasse der <a href="Whitney-Summe" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney-Summe">Whitney-Summe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\oplus W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\oplus W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf54248f02160a74c4384840a436a2385b0d0ffe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.063ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\oplus W}" loading="lazy"></span> durch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c(V\oplus W)=c(V)\cup c(W)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c(V\oplus W)=c(V)\cup c(W)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7e620f72b3bdee97d4da140b05e4d06cd135088.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.415ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c(V\oplus W)=c(V)\cup c(W)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>gegeben, das heißt für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ist</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V\oplus W)=\sum _{i=0}^{k}c_{i}(V)\cup c_{k-i}(W).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(V\oplus W)=\sum _{i=0}^{k}c_{i}(V)\cup c_{k-i}(W).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2185d18dca51ca4446c97861c583b2a9f8125ab7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.627ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V\oplus W)=\sum _{i=0}^{k}c_{i}(V)\cup c_{k-i}(W).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Normalisierung: Die totale Chernklasse des <a href="Tautologisches_B%C3%BCndel" title="Tautologisches Bündel">tautologischen Geradenbündels</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99ca835b00d8ea3328c2230ed403339bbbda8afc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.847ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25a1933fd05c524acebd3afc8236a9c3f3ffa1a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.066ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> das Poincaré-Dual der <a href="Hyperebene" title="Hyperebene">Hyperebene</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k-1}\subseteq \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k-1}\subseteq \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb4e0494bae63232d6d445aea5c346c871fbd6da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.892ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {CP} ^{k-1}\subseteq \mathbf {CP} ^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p><a href="Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Alexander Grothendieck</a> hat diese Axiome durch etwas schwächere ersetzt:
</p>
<ul><li>Funktionalität: (siehe oben)</li></ul>
<ul><li>Additivität: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow V'\rightarrow V\rightarrow V''\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow V'\rightarrow V\rightarrow V''\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d42af15172e4adb41e86a3e3476673105c66f209.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:24.224ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow V'\rightarrow V\rightarrow V''\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Exakte_Sequenz" title="Exakte Sequenz">exakte Sequenz</a> von Vektorbündeln, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c(V)=c(V')\cup c(V'')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c(V)=c(V')\cup c(V'')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b839c7b46c772ff38d269f323e1b48ec77280443.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.572ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c(V)=c(V')\cup c(V'')}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Normalisierung: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Geradenb%C3%BCndel_(Faserb%C3%BCndel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geradenbündel (Faserbündel)">Geradenbündel</a>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c(V)=1+e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c(V)=1+e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d07f44535e8c3a37b28b816ba38472f70b4cfea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.601ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c(V)=1+e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}" loading="lazy"></span>, dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a1997fa89cce85ebcd902961874e339f054b927.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e(V_{\mathbf {R} })}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Eulerklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulerklasse">Eulerklasse</a> des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> zugrunde liegenden reellen Vektorbündels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>In der Tat charakterisieren diese Eigenschaften die Chernklassen eindeutig. Einige wichtige Folgerungen sind
</p>
<ul><li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cc8b5c520d3717cc1957f805e692fe1e7a2e458.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.953ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}(V)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k>n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k&gt;n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66e81682bf174c978e9008ffb557ba4da2cf7478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k>n}" loading="lazy"></span> (die totale Chernklasse ist insbesondere <a href="Wohldefiniert" class="mw-redirect" title="Wohldefiniert">wohldefiniert</a>).</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die höchste Chernklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> (also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{n}(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{n}(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/057d4dcd31c3f357c16d7dbb09d5cb97bdd81e34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{n}(V)}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> der Rang von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist immer gleich der <a href="Eulerklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulerklasse">Eulerklasse</a> des zugrunde liegenden reellen Vektorbündels.</li></ul>
<p>Da die Chernklassen hier Kohomologieklassen mit ganzen Koeffizienten sind, sind sie etwas feiner als die oben im Riemannschen Beispiel betrachteten, die reelle Koeffizienten hatten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konstruktion_von_Chernklassen">Konstruktion von Chernklassen</h2></div>
<p>Es gibt mannigfache Wege, sich dem Ziel zu nähern, jeder einzelne fokussiert einen etwas anderen Aspekt der Chernklassen.
</p><p>Die ursprüngliche Herangehensweise war algebraische Topologie. Die unendliche <a href="Gra%C3%9Fmann-Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Graßmann-Mannigfaltigkeit">Graßmann-Mannigfaltigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )=Gr(n,\infty )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )=Gr(n,\infty )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a7121c2feedde26430e060816e12094279de215.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.625ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )=Gr(n,\infty )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der <a href="Klassifizierender_Raum" title="Klassifizierender Raum">klassifizierenden Raum</a> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale komplexe Vektorbündel. Das bedeutet, dass jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale komplexe Vektorbündel über der Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="R%C3%BCcktransport" title="Rücktransport">Pullback</a> des <a href="Tautologisches_B%C3%BCndel" title="Tautologisches Bündel">tautologischen Bündels</a> unter einer stetigen Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon B\to BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon B\to BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9bbaf3de9e24d96530db4207bda30ac22a27d268.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.78ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon B\to BGL(n,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> erhalten werden kann. Die Chern-Klassen des tautologischen Bündels werden als <b>universelle Chern-Klassen</b> bezeichnet und die Chern-Klassen eines durch die Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> klassifizierten Vektorbündels erhält man durch Zurückziehen der universellen Chern-Klassen mittels der in Kohomologie induzierten Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/190a73fde235865b8d2a783334f90194331c7f19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.375ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Chern-Klassen des tautologischen Bündels können explizit durch Schubertzykel ausgedrückt werden.
</p><p>Cherns Zugang verwandte Differentialgeometrie und den oben beschriebenen Zugang über die Krümmungsform. Er zeigte, dass beide Zugänge äquivalent sind.
</p><p>Der axiomatische Zugang von <a href="Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Alexander Grothendieck</a> zeigt, dass man die Chernklassen nur für Geradenbündel festlegen muss.
</p><p>Chernklassen treten auch in der <a href="Algebraische_Geometrie" title="Algebraische Geometrie">algebraischen Geometrie</a> auf natürliche Weise auf. Die verallgemeinerten Chernklassen der algebraischen Geometrie können für lokal freie <a href="Garbe_(Mathematik)" title="Garbe (Mathematik)">Garben</a> über jeder nichtsingulären <a href="Algebraische_Variet%C3%A4t" title="Algebraische Varietät">Varietät</a> definiert werden. Die Chernklassen der algebraischen Geometrie verlangen vom zugrundeliegenden Körper nur die algebraische Abgeschlossenheit, insbesondere müssen Vektorbündel nicht unbedingt komplex sein.
</p><p>Vom gewählten Zugang unabhängig ist die intuitive Bedeutung einer Chernklasse die von 'benötigten Nullstellen' eines Vektorbündelschnittes: Zum Beispiel die Aussage, dass man einen Igel nicht kämmen kann. Auch wenn dies eigentlich eine Frage betreffend <i>reelle</i> Vektorbündel ist (die „Stacheln“ des Igels sind reelle Geraden), gibt es Verallgemeinerungen, in denen die Stachel komplex sind, oder für den eindimensionalen projektiven Raum über anderen Körpern.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chernklassen_von_Geradenbündeln"><span id="Chernklassen_von_Geradenb.C3.BCndeln"></span>Chernklassen von Geradenbündeln</h2></div>
<p>Ein wichtiger Spezialfall ist der eines Geradenbündels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die einzige nichttriviale Chernklasse ist in diesem Fall die erste, die ein Element der zweiten Kohomologiegruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Da sie die höchste Chernklasse ist, ist sie gleich der Eulerklasse des Bündels.
</p><p>Die erste Chernklasse erweist sich als eine vollständige <a href="Invariante_(Mathematik)" title="Invariante (Mathematik)">Invariante</a>, die die komplexen Geradenbündel klassifiziert. Das heißt, dass eine <a href="Bijektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijektion">Bijektion</a> zwischen den Isomorphieklassen komplexer Geradenbündel über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Elementen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3d6447a3ab8b2d2bd770ccb81207531b48c2274.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.947ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, man ordnet hierbei jedem Bündel seine erste Chernklasse zu. Die Addition in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3d6447a3ab8b2d2bd770ccb81207531b48c2274.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.947ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H^{2}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht unter dieser Bijektion dem <a href="Tensorprodukt" title="Tensorprodukt">Tensorprodukt</a>.
</p><p>In der algebraischen Geometrie ist diese Klassifikation der komplexen Geradenbündel durch die erste Chernklasse eine erste Annäherung an die Klassifikation holomorpher Geradenbündel durch lineare Äquivalenzklassen von <a href="Divisor" title="Divisor">Divisoren</a>.
</p><p>Die Chernklassen sind für komplexe Bündel einer größeren Dimension keine vollständige Invariante mehr.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chernklassen_fast-komplexer_Mannigfaltigkeiten_und_Kobordismustheorie">Chernklassen fast-komplexer Mannigfaltigkeiten und Kobordismustheorie</h2></div>
<p>Die Theorie der Chernklassen liefert <a href="Kobordismus" title="Kobordismus">Kobordismus</a>-Invarianten <a href="Fast-komplexe_Struktur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast-komplexe Struktur">fast-komplexer</a> Mannigfaltigkeiten.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> eine fast-komplexe Mannigfaltigkeit, so ist sein <a href="Tangentialb%C3%BCndel" title="Tangentialbündel">Tangentialbündel</a> ein komplexes Vektorbündel. Dessen Chernklassen werden auch als die <i>Chernklassen von</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> kompakt und geradedimensional, etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8106478cb4da6af49992eeb3a3b8690d27797ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2d}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensional, dann kann jedes <a href="Monom" title="Monom">Monom</a> vom <a href="Totalgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalgrad">Totalgrad</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8106478cb4da6af49992eeb3a3b8690d27797ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2d}" loading="lazy"></span> in den Chernklassen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Fundamentalklasse" title="Fundamentalklasse">Fundamentalklasse</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> gepaart werden und liefert eine ganze Zahl, eine <i>Chernzahl</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> eine weitere fast komplexe Mannigfaltigkeit derselben Dimension, dann sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> genau dann kobordant, wenn sie dieselben Chernzahlen haben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h2></div>
<p>Es gibt eine Verallgemeinerung der Theorie der Chernklassen, in der die gewöhnliche Kohomologietheorie durch eine verallgemeinerte ersetzt wird, die die Zusatzeigenschaft der komplexen Orientierbarkeit haben muss.
Die formalen Eigenschaften der Chernklassen bleiben die dieselben, nur ist in der Regel, die die erste Chernklasse eines Tensorproduktes von Geradenbündeln berechnet, die Addition durch die entsprechende Operation zu ersetzen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chernzahlen">Chernzahlen</h2></div>
<p>Auf orientierten Mannigfaltigkeiten der Dimension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8106478cb4da6af49992eeb3a3b8690d27797ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2d}" loading="lazy"></span> kann jedes Produkt von Chernklassen vom Totalgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8106478cb4da6af49992eeb3a3b8690d27797ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2d}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Fundamentalklasse" title="Fundamentalklasse">Fundamentalklasse</a> gepaart werden und liefert so eine ganze Zahl, eine <i>Chernzahl</i> des Vektorbündels. Hat die Mannigfaltigkeit beispielsweise Dimension sechs, so ergeben sich die verschiedenen Chernzahlen aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40b996d342d64c449a5cdb6d2f2df0a63f2b1242.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.061ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}c_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}c_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d7e22249be4a8242faf83c46d8a04ccb52d0308.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.122ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}c_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1dc52bfbaf6e577fbed72a716068f4533700bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Im Allgemeinen ist die Anzahl der verschiedenen Chernzahlen die Anzahl der <a href="Partition_(Mengenlehre)" title="Partition (Mengenlehre)">Partitionen</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Wie oben erwähnt, sind die Chernzahlen des Tangentialbündels eine (fast) komplexen Mannigfaltigkeit eine wichtige Invariante.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Der_Cherncharakter">Der Cherncharakter</h2></div>
<p>Chernklassen können verwandt werden, um einen Ringhomomorphismus von der <a href="Topologische_K-Theorie" title="Topologische K-Theorie">topologischen K-Theorie</a> eines Raumes in die Vervollständigung seiner rationalen Kohomologie zu konstruieren. Dieser <i>Cherncharakter</i> ist für Geradenbündel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\exp(c_{1}(V))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\exp(c_{1}(V))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fe01b9c26414844116f26a8d29485ef1cbd80e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.039ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\exp(c_{1}(V))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben.
</p><p>Für Summen von Geradenbündeln wird der Cherncharakter durch Additivität definiert, hieraus ergibt sich eine Darstellung der Cherncharakters durch die Chernklassen. Diese wird verwandt, um den Cherncharakter für alle Vektorbündel zu definieren, die ersten
Terme sind
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\dim V+c_{1}(V)+c_{1}(V)^{2}/2-c_{2}(V)+\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>dim</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\dim V+c_{1}(V)+c_{1}(V)^{2}/2-c_{2}(V)+\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dd90049c4707a110bf5cafa3442aaf00d3866bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.506ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=\dim V+c_{1}(V)+c_{1}(V)^{2}/2-c_{2}(V)+\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> die Summe der Geradenbündel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1},\ldots ,L_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1},\ldots ,L_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f98db540b539d1df519e42ac057b267927a4d95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1},\ldots ,L_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit ersten Chernklassen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00a6511886c686290cc57b23ab22f45fda9e1c12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.981ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=e^{x_{1}}+\dots +e^{x_{k}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=e^{x_{1}}+\dots +e^{x_{k}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa95f2692435db779b67987d29db2b403e7b7e52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.274ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)=e^{x_{1}}+\dots +e^{x_{k}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im differentialgeometrischen Zugang über die Krümmung ist der Cherncharakter explizit durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)={\hbox{tr}}\left(\exp \left({\frac {i\Omega }{2\pi }}\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)={\hbox{tr}}\left(\exp \left({\frac {i\Omega }{2\pi }}\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/979255297b010ef7182189838cd9ec7fe84c80c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.949ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V)={\hbox{tr}}\left(\exp \left({\frac {i\Omega }{2\pi }}\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben, dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> die Krümmung.
</p><p>Der Cherncharakter hilft beispielsweise bei der Berechnung der Chernklassen eines Tensorproduktes. Genauer besitzt er die beiden folgenden Eigenschaften<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\oplus W)={\hbox{ch}}(V)+{\hbox{ch}}(W)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\oplus W)={\hbox{ch}}(V)+{\hbox{ch}}(W)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71a02443d395101a0458599562f91acef831f3dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.627ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\oplus W)={\hbox{ch}}(V)+{\hbox{ch}}(W)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\otimes W)={\hbox{ch}}(V){\hbox{ch}}(W)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\otimes W)={\hbox{ch}}(V){\hbox{ch}}(W)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4df9fb6fed1996558530d653bf4e831b965e8590.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.786ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}(V\otimes W)={\hbox{ch}}(V){\hbox{ch}}(W)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die erste dieser Formeln kann, wie oben erwähnt, mit Hilfe des Grothendieckschen Additivitätsaxioms für Chernklassen zu der Aussage verallgemeinert werden, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>ch</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/016d67e772952690b47613ad96637a89679c0750.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{ch}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Homomorphismus" title="Homomorphismus">Homomorphismus</a> <a href="Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Abelsche Gruppe">abelscher Gruppen</a> von der K-Theorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4442ce250816e1f0ccae4e392b10c1c63f95566a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.855ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> in die rationale Kohomologie von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die zweite Gleichung besagt, dass dieser Homomorphismus multiplikativ ist, also sogar ein Homomorphismus von Ringen ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontrjagin-Klassen">Pontrjagin-Klassen</h2></div>
<p>Für ein reelles Vektorbündel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> über einem topologischen Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert man die <i>Pontrjagin-Klassen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}(V)\in H^{4i}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}(V)\in H^{4i}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b512ff3b712337493b5ca8a3114ac0aefd35e21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:16.01ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}(V)\in H^{4i}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> durch<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}(V):=c_{2i}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}(V):=c_{2i}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a109027bedbcb315876958d52623b1a51ced051e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:20.791ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}(V):=c_{2i}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/346af21dac445b1949224339b4d1c9c32e54906f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.306ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\otimes {\mathbb {C} }}" loading="lazy"></span> die Komplexifizierung des reellen Vektorbündels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>. (Man kann zeigen, dass stets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2i+1}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} })=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{2i+1}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} })=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4ea2c0fec231c834a3e7b5652b21b4c9c908aef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.105ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{2i+1}(V\otimes {\mathbb {C} })=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, weshalb man nur die geraden Chern-Klassen betrachtet.)
</p><p><a href="Sergei_Petrowitsch_Nowikow_(Mathematiker)" title="Sergei Petrowitsch Nowikow (Mathematiker)">Nowikow</a> bewies, dass die rationalen Pontrjaginklassen des <a href="Tangentialraum" title="Tangentialraum">Tangentialraums</a> differenzierbarer Mannigfaltigkeiten invariant unter <a href="Hom%C3%B6omorphismus" title="Homöomorphismus">Homöomorphismen</a> sind. Sie sind aber nicht invariant unter <a href="Homotopie%C3%A4quivalenz" title="Homotopieäquivalenz">Homotopieäquivalenzen</a>. Die <a href="Novikov-Vermutung" class="mw-redirect" title="Novikov-Vermutung">Novikov-Vermutung</a> besagt, dass (in Abhängigkeit von der <a href="Fundamentalgruppe" title="Fundamentalgruppe">Fundamentalgruppe</a>) gewisse Kombinationen rationaler Pontrjagin-Klassen invariant unter Homotopie-Äquivalenzen sind.
</p><p>Der <a href="Signatursatz_von_Hirzebruch" title="Signatursatz von Hirzebruch">Signatursatz von Hirzebruch</a> besagt, dass sich die Signatur geschlossener differenzierbarer Mannigfaltigkeiten als eine Kombination von Pontrjagin-Klassen (das L-Polynom) berechnen lässt. Aus dem <a href="Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz" title="Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz">Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz</a> folgt, dass sich auch der Index des Dirac-Operators einer <a href="Spin-Mannigfaltigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-Mannigfaltigkeit">Spin-Mannigfaltigkeit</a> als eine Kombination von Pontrjagin-Klassen (das Â-Polynom) berechnen lässt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chernklassen_in_der_algebraischen_Geometrie">Chernklassen in der algebraischen Geometrie</h2></div>
<p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> eine glatte <a href="Projektive_Variet%C3%A4t" title="Projektive Varietät">projektive Varietät</a> über einem <a href="Algebraischer_Abschluss" title="Algebraischer Abschluss">algebraisch abgeschlossenen</a> <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle A(X)=\bigoplus _{r}A^{r}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⨁<!-- ⨁ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle A(X)=\bigoplus _{r}A^{r}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d93f7ed00eeb68eca51b5ba094c3b87814ca2685.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.079ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle A(X)=\bigoplus _{r}A^{r}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ihr <a href="Chow-Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Chow-Ring">Chow-Ring</a>. Grothendieck bewies, dass es eine eindeutige Theorie von Chernklassen gibt, welche jeder lokal freien <a href="Koh%C3%A4rente_Garbe" title="Kohärente Garbe">kohärenten Garbe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Chernklassen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{i}({\mathcal {E}})\in A^{i}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{i}({\mathcal {E}})\in A^{i}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3a580c761897d0b7256507851ef0f5e09152d28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.1ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{i}({\mathcal {E}})\in A^{i}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> zuordnet, so dass die folgenden Axiome erfüllt sind:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{0}({\mathcal {E}})=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{0}({\mathcal {E}})=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e4017d6ba97b094dcc512807a74a481c18df218.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.442ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{0}({\mathcal {E}})=1}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Für jede <a href="Invertierbare_Garbe" title="Invertierbare Garbe">invertierbare Garbe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(D)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(D)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9bd522e62a38167989e7857c4887a2a10db8c42d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.584ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(D)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(D))=\left[D\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(D))=\left[D\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a4a2f17b2f4d9202a0c944153aa906ba80827a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(D))=\left[D\right]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für jeden Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07b9ff205beb51e7899846aeae788ae5e5546a3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}(c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}))=c_{i}(f^{*}{\mathcal {E}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}(c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}))=c_{i}(f^{*}{\mathcal {E}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ea3aac4d3ed68912c154c25315a868b70cfe37c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.511ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}(c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}))=c_{i}(f^{*}{\mathcal {E}})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für jede <a href="Exakte_Sequenz" title="Exakte Sequenz">exakte Sequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime }\to {\mathcal {E}}\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime }\to {\mathcal {E}}\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb4f585c6c0eafdca0b9555c3bd3e135b7344276.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime }\to {\mathcal {E}}\to {\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime }}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{k}({\mathcal {E}})=\bigoplus _{i+j=k}c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime })c_{j}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>⨁<!-- ⨁ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{k}({\mathcal {E}})=\bigoplus _{i+j=k}c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime })c_{j}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17e5664565863070874e064fdee36cd39fb18224.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:25.196ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{k}({\mathcal {E}})=\bigoplus _{i+j=k}c_{i}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime })c_{j}({\mathcal {E}}^{\prime \prime })}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Die Konstruktion der algebraischen Chernklassen verläuft analog zur Konstruktion der topologischen Chernklassen über den Satz von Leray-Hirsch. Insbesondere liefern für algebraische Vektorbündel über glatten komplexen projektiven Varietäten beide Konstruktionen dieselben Chernklassen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chernklassen_in_der_Physik">Chernklassen in der Physik</h2></div>
<p>Auch in der Physik finden seit etwa 2015 die Chernklassen verstärkt Anwendung und werden auch explizit so genannt (was vorher nicht der Fall war), seitdem jetzt nicht nur in der <a href="Hochenergiephysik" title="Hochenergiephysik">Hochenergiephysik</a>, sondern verstärkt auch in der <a href="Festk%C3%B6rperphysik" title="Festkörperphysik">Festkörperphysik</a> neue <a href="Differentialtopologie" title="Differentialtopologie">differentialtopologische</a> Aspekte behandelt werden: Neben älteren „Umlauf“-Aussagen der Physik, etwa dem <a href="Aharonov-Bohm-Effekt" title="Aharonov-Bohm-Effekt">Aharonov-Bohm-Effekt</a> der <a href="Mathematische_Struktur_der_Quantenmechanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Struktur der Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> oder dem altbekannten <a href="Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt">Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt</a> der <a href="Supraleitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraleitung">Supraleitung</a> dienen Chernklassen in der Physik jetzt vor allem zur differentialtopologischen Klassifizierung von Umlauf-Singularitäten, vor allem beim sog. <a href="Quanten-Hall-Effekt" title="Quanten-Hall-Effekt">Quanten-Hall-Effekt</a> bzw. bei den sog. <a href="Topologischer_Supraleiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Topologischer Supraleiter">Topologischen Supraleitern</a> bzw. <a href="Topologischer_Isolator" title="Topologischer Isolator">Topologischen Isolatoren</a>. Dabei ergibt sich der Zusammenhang mit der Mathematik aus der Tatsache, dass die <a href="Magnetische_Flussdichte" title="Magnetische Flussdichte">Magnetische Flussdichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }" loading="lazy"></span> über ihr <a href="Magnetisches_Vektorpotential" title="Magnetisches Vektorpotential">Vektorpotential</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0795cc96c75d81520a120482662b90f024c9a1a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> als „effektive Krümmung“ fungiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {B} ={\text{rot}}\ \mathbf {A} ),}">
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</p><p>Allgemeiner besteht eine Beziehung zu den <a href="Yang-Mills-Theorie" title="Yang-Mills-Theorie">Yang-Mills-Theorien</a>, wobei der mathematische Begriff „<a href="Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Krümmung">Krümmung</a>“ in der Physik als „<a href="Feldst%C3%A4rketensor" title="Feldstärketensor">Feldstärke</a>“ fungiert. Der physikalische „Hilbertraumzustand“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht einer projektiv-komplexen Mannigfaltigkeit, weil der Zustand derselbe bleiben soll, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer komplexen Zahl multipliziert wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Chern%2Bclass" class="extiw external" title="nlab:Chern+class">Chern class</a> auf <a href="NLab" class="mw-redirect" title="NLab">nLab</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>: <i>Characteristic Classes of Hermitian Manifolds.</i> In: <i>Annals of Mathematics.</i> 2nd Series, 47, 1, 1946, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220003-486X%22&amp;key=cql">0003-486X</a></span></span>, S. 85–121.</li>
<li><a href="Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Alexander Grothendieck</a>: <i>La Théorie des classes de Chern.</i> In: <i>Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France.</i> 86, 1958, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220037-9484%22&amp;key=cql">0037-9484</a></span></span>, S. 137–154, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.numdam.org/ARCHIVE/BSMF/BSMF_1958__86_/BSMF_1958__86__137_0/BSMF_1958__86__137_0.pdf">online (PDF; 1,43 MB)</a>.</li>
<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Jost" title="Jürgen Jost">Jürgen Jost</a>: <i>Riemannian Geometry and Geometric Analysis.</i> 3rd edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-540-42627-2. (<i>Universitext</i>).</li>
<li><a href="John_W._Milnor" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Milnor">John W. Milnor</a>, <a href="James_D._Stasheff" title="James D. Stasheff">James D. Stasheff</a>: <i>Characteristic Classes.</i> Princeton University Press u. a., Princeton NJ 1974, ISBN 0-691-08122-0 (<i>Annals of Mathematics Studies</i> 76).</li>
<li><a href="H._Blaine_Lawson" title="H. Blaine Lawson">H. Blaine Lawson</a> und Marie-Louise Michelsohn: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Spin Geometry</cite>. <a href="Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1990, ISBN 0-691-08542-0 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chernklassen&amp;rft.au=H.+Blaine+Lawson+und+Marie-Louise+Michelsohn&amp;rft.btitle=Spin+Geometry&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0691085420&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/VBKT/VB.pdf">Allen Hatcher: Vector Bundles and K-Theory</a> (PDF; 1,2&nbsp;MB)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milnor &amp; Stasheff 74, Lemma 14.2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milnor &amp; Stasheff 74, Gleichung (14.7)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson &amp; Michelson 90, Gleichung (B.9)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milnor &amp; Stasheff 74; Kapitel 14, Definition auf S. 158</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milnor &amp; Stasheff 74, Problem 16-B</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson &amp; Michelson 90, Gleichung (B.12)</span>
</li>
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